What is breeding-back all about?

Breeding-back basically aims to unite certain traits that have been split up previously and/or tries to establish resemblance to an archetype by selective breeding. The first procedure only works if there are animals left that descended from the beasts to be rebred. In most cases, these are domestic animals which’s wild type has been wiped out.  They have been altered by domestication, but nevertheless they belong to the same species as their wild types and display similar behaviour and similar ecologic niches when released into the wild. So it is something completely different trying to rebred an archetype from its descendants than one species from one or more completely different species.

A first-generation Tauros bull living in the Netherlands (Image source: eurowildlife.org)

Initially it was believed that an extinct wild type animal could be re-bred from its domestic descendants by crossing less-derived breeds and selecting for the wild type features preserved in them. Nowadays it is clear that an extinct wild type, such as the Aurochs, cannot be reconstructed completely by artificial breeding only because man now can only work on a highly altered population of the original species. There are several levels on which you can compare the desired animal to its domestic descendants, such as genetic, phenotypic and ecologic/ethologic.

Breeding-back usually emphasizes the phenotypic aspect because it is hoped that domestic animals resemble their ancestor in ecologic functionality and therefore the breeding-back result will do so, and the genetics of the lost wild types are poorly resolved anyway. However, there are projects which claim to work on achieving a genetic resemblance as well. In my personal view, it might be questionable if the complete genotype of an extinct wild type can be re-bred without using cloned individuals since domestic animals have been separated from their ancestors for millennia (there possibly was local introgression, though). Why not cloning the Aurochs or Tarpan after all? Certainly that would be a very desirable option, but it seems technically out of reach at the moment. The complete nuclear genome isn’t full resolved yet and that’s not easy working only with ancient DNA bones and hair. And it would be a real challenge to gather enough genetic material to recover a viable population.

The phenotype of the species/wild type to be rebred is well-known in most cases, although such factors as local or intraspecific variation are not satisfyingly resolved. We can’t be sure if their descendants will occupy a completely identical niche in nature because we can’t compare them directly – although it seems very probable.

So we simply have to face the fact that once these animals have been exterminated, their variability, genetic distinctness and therefore unique identity was lost. There is no scientific paper endorsing what I just said because it simply is so obvious.

But why should one make the effort of breeding-back then? Because it is a highly interesting way to produce something that matches the lost wild type in at least some way. Although we don’t know all aspects of their appearance exactly and how variable it was, modern less-derived breeds of the species in question still provide enough ancient-looking traits to restore what we know about the phenotype. Although we can’t compare the ecologic functionality of a breeding-back result with that of its archetype directly,  it is likely that both work in a pretty similar manner because they belong to the same species. Many domestic breeds are hardy and robust enough to survive without man’s help, some even preserved behavioural traits crucial for survival (as I will explain in future posts). The genetic difference would still be there, as much as the vestiges of uncertainty if the picture that is provided really is completely authentic, but still breeding-back is a much better perspective than having no animals in the nature filling the vacant niches of their ancestors and having no animals that provide a model for what these animals looked like, how they lived and behaved.

Wait a minute, behaviour? How could we possibly know if a breeding-back result behaves like the extinct animal it was bred to resemble? Well, we shouldn’t expect great behavioural matches if they are kept in zoos or on farms. But when released into wild and being able to display the natural behaviour of their species they might greatly resemble their wild type, especially because nature enforces those ethologic traits that are necessary to survive and eliminates those reducing its chances for survival and reproduction. And there are actually some decent matches between what we know of the behaviour of the aurochs and what is displayed by modern cattle, and cattle and horses living under natural circumstances do show behavioural traits that can be interpreted as natural instincts enhancing their reproductive fitness. I will go into greater detail in later posts.

Feral Mustangs display behavioral patterns similar to wild equines (Image source: Wikipedia)

And why does nature need proxies for those extinct species? This may be the most frequently asked question concerning breeding-back. Actually, nature does not “need” anything. Evolution is resilient and will recover from any big hits. But conservation tries to preserve and protect as much as possible from the often destructive (or more neutrally: diversity reducing) influence of man. The recovery of any species that has been extirpated from an ecosystem is desirable, be it in the original or in an altered form. Secondly, it is well-supported that megaherbivores help to create a diverse landscape that inhabit a larger number of species than a homogenous climax vegetation would do, and the excrements and cadavers of large herbivores increase the productivity of the ecosystem as it provides more resources for loads of insect species that are prey of various birds, amphibians and reptiles. The positive influence of large herbivores in natural habitats is well-documented and I can only refer you to the literature listed down below (mostly in German). It is obvious that megaherbivores, which have been part of Europe’s evolution since millions of years, are an important component of the faunal assemblage on this continent and therefore their reintroduction is something very important to create a completely self-suistainable European wilderness area. Imagine elks, wisents, red deer, aurochs and wild horses living together in one large natural landscape being the prey of native European predators. The fauna simply wouldn’t be complete without proxies for those species that have been wiped out and their absence would have consequences for biodiversity as well: without megaherbivores Europe possibly would be covered by large areas of climax vegetations consisting mainly of forests, and a reduced number of habitat types means a reduced number of species. Therefore, many floral and faunal inhabitants of open, park-like landscapes or grasslands would probably die out.  Mowing and cutting in reserves, as it was practised before megaherbivores received a new role in conservation, certainly is no perspective for a self-sustaining nature area.

The Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis, is one of the many bird species that benefit from the presence of megaherbivores (Image source: Wikipedia)

If it is such an important tool of conservation, why is there little to no scientific literature on breeding-back? In my opinion, it was the exaggerated enthusiasm and lack of objectivity of the Heck brothers and their followers that caused many scientists to either be cautious or dismiss it. The Hecks claimed they have revived the Aurochs and Tarpan although some important differences between their cattle and its archetype were evident already back in the 1940ies, and the authenticity of Heck cattle has been (and is) defended in a very pseudo-scientific manner by some advocates of the breed. Also, as I explained above, it is quite obvious that selective breeding with domestic animals cannot revive a wild type species completely, so it’s only understandable that some scientists did not consider the progress of breeding-back worth to be investigated at all. And, most importantly, many dismiss breeding-back because it creates the wrong picture that once a species is lost it could be rebred anyway, diminishing the public awareness for why species conservation is very important. So if you are interested in breeding-back you are dependent on the information provided by the different projects themselves and can only try to stay objective and not be inveigled by awesome stories but try to find out what is reliable information and what is not.

“Breeding-back” actually is a horrible term. The word alone is an enthusiastic oversimplification already, because the real extinct animals can’t be truly “bred back”. You won’t see me writing phrases like “breeding-back the aurochs” or some sort, but only “breeding-back its phenotype” or whichever traits are in the focus.

In Germany, Rückzüchtung has been largely replaced by Abbildzüchtung, what I loosely translate with effigy breeding. It is more neutral because it admits that breeding-back mainly focuses on phenotypic traits and results in an animal that mimics or approaches the extinct creature. But it sadly neglects the fact that breeding-back often also focuses on producing hardy animals that are suited to survive in nature, and not merely optical doubles with no ecologic capacities. Anyway, I am going to use that term in this blog frequently, especially when referring to very phenotype-based projects like the Quagga Project.

Literature

• Baumgart, B.: Vor und nacheiszeitliche Großtierformen in Mitteleuropa und ihre Einpassung in das Ökosystem – Stand der Projektentwicklung zum Großtier-Schutzgebiet Teltow-Fläming. 1997
• Bunzel-Drüke, Magret; Drüke, Joachim; Vierhaus, Henning: Der Einfluss von Großherbivoren auf die Naturlandschaft Mitteleuropas. 2001
• Beutler, Axel: Die Großtierfauna Europas und ihr Einfluss auf Vegetation und Landschaft. 1996
• Wiegleb, Gerhard; Krawczynski Rene: Biodiversity Management by Water buffalos in Restored Wetlands. 2010
• Stumpf, Thomas: Machbarkeitsstudie zum Einsatz von Wasserbüffeln in der Landschaftspflege im Rheinland
• Donlan et al.: Pleistocene Rewilding: An Optimistic Agenda for Twenty-First Century Conservation. 2006
• Bunzel-Drüke, Magret; Drüke, Joachim; Vierhaus, Henning; Hauswirth, Luise: Großtiere und Landschaft – Von der Praxis zur Theorie. 1999
•             Bunzel-Drüke, Finck, Kämmer, Luick, Reisinger, Riecken, Riedl, Scharf & Zimball: „Wilde Weiden: Praxisleitfaden für Ganzjahresbeweidung in Naturschutz und Landschaftsentwicklung“. 2010

Introducing this blog

Most entries here are written in English, but this is a bilingual blog since posts addressed to a predominantly German readership will be written in German. This is my first language, so sorry if my English is still not quite as good as it should be.

As you’ve probably guessed by its title, this blog focuses on a controversial topic called “breeding-back”. Breeding-back is about trying to breed animals resembling a certain extinct species/subspecies or wild type, mainly from living descendants, – not just for fun, but in order to use the result as an authentic proxy for those animals in the wild. In fact, all of the species to be reconstructed by breeding-back are among the beasts that have been wiped out by human activities, such as hunting or habitat destruction.

The term was coined by two brothers back in the 1920ies who thought they could revive extinct species (more precisely, extinct wild types of a species) by crossing several domestic breeds they considered to be similar to the desired end result. During the last hundred years, breeding-back experiments have been conducted in order to reconstruct the Aurochs (the wild ancestor of cattle), the Tarpan (the west-Eurasian Wild horse) and other types of large mammals such as the Quagga (an extinct subspecies of the Plains zebra). There has been some effort to rebred domestic animals as well, such as the Cumberland Pig; those projects are not really of interest for this blog, since I want to focus on creating proxies for extinct wild animals.

Breeding-back usually utilizes old and less-derived domestic breeds that descend from the animals to be rebred. These may provide interesting information on the appearance and lifestyle of their respective extinct wild types and resemble it to a greater or lesser extent. The evolutional process of so-called dedomestication is closely connected to breeding-back and takes place when a population of domestic animals is abandoned and exposed to natural selection. Consequently, feral breeds of the species breeding-back focuses on are a very interesting subject that I am going to cover here as well.

With this blog I intend to provide you information on the various breeding-back attempts, their results and the authenticity of their results, as much as on the “material and methods” of the respective experiments and of course also the extinct animals they focus on. I will keep you on track with the progress of breeding-back and rewilding programmes, and share the results of my research on the extinct archetypes and the history of existing breeding-back attempts.

Reliable sources are not easy to find, as this field often is based on “Chinese whispers” throughout the literature and often is surprisingly emotionalized. There is little to no recent scientific literature on breeding-back per se. I want to provide you with unambiguous facts behind stories and myths. But this blog won’t get along without deductive reasoning and personal opinion. Actually, much in this field is not only about facts but on how to interpret these facts.

Luckily, breeding-back isn’t just something you can only read and hear about, you can also go out and explore things for yourself. I am going to present some reports of my various breeding-back related trips and what I might have learned from it.

You will also see some interviews with responsible people from different breeding-back projects.

Something I try to avoid is hyperbole and simplification. It should be made clear that each human-caused extinction leaves a gap in nature that cannot be filled again, and that breeding-back results can only imitate or approach the animals they are bred to resemble and hopefully occupy a similar ecologic niche when released into nature.

Having said all that, I hope that you will enjoy this journey through an exciting field of zoology that illustrates man’s interaction with nature as much as I do.