In this
post, I described a number of Tarpan-like horse breeds. None of these breeds is
a complete stand-in for the Tarpan, but each of them is able to survive without
human help and each of them resembles at least one colour morph of the Tarpan
to a larger or lesser extent. That’s why most rewilding projects are convinced
that no further breeding (more precisely, “breeding-back”) is necessary for "restoring" the wild horse in Europe.
Speaking in terms of ecology and social behaviour, this might be true indeed.
But in this post I want to share my thoughts on which kinds of breeds would
give us an authentic picture of how the Tarpan looked like and behaved like,
and what combination might be best for being rewilded.
As I
explained here, the Tarpan did not have a uniform appearance. Although probably
all Tarpans had a relatively small, strong and stocky body with a robust head
and a short frizzy mane, there are five possible colour morphs known. Based on
historic and genetic evidence, bay dun (like in the Przewalski’s horse)
probably was the most common of these, followed by black dun. There is no
evidence of a correlation of these morphs to a specific region (yet), so probably
each of them were distributed all over Europe. Therefore I think that we have
to consider more than one breed or type of breed if we want to create
authentically Tarpan-like feral horse populations. One also has to consider
that landraces usually show regional adaption to a specific habitat or climate and
might do not as well in other regions. For example, the attempt to introduce
Koniks into the Atapuerca mountains failed badly because the horses were not
adapted to the mountainous habitat (and also the presence of wolves).
The
Przewalski horse is, as we all know, the only living wild representative of Equus ferus. Its authentic wild horse
features, be it phenotypic or behavioural, are certainly very desirable and
their influence would compensate the domestic “maladaptions” of some otherwise
authentic breeds. Surely some people would be against the influence of Przewalskis
in the feral/wild European horse population because there are genetic
differences (they have one more chromosome pair and separated from domestic
horses during the middle Pleistocene), and they are adapted to a very cold, dry
steppe environment. But pure Przewalskis are used in a number of grazing
projects in Europe, and also semi-feral in Hortobagy (Hungary) and Atapuerca.
Nevertheless, I am inclined not to use pure Przewalskis for releasing them into
European wilderness among domestic horses because I think that a) it might be a
waste as their native range is Asia and b) their different climatic adaptions
might not be ideal in some regions. But F1 hybrids with suited, local primitive
horses could be used instead. The use of crosses instead of pure individuals
also has the advantage of not diminish the population of Przewalskis that are
used for the conservation of this precious subspecies.
As I
mentioned here, the ABU in Germany has Przewalski x Konik crosses which
probably represent the most common phenotype of the Tarpan very well. They have
the muscular stocky body that all these ponies have, a robust head, a short
frizzy mane and a perfectly bay dun colour. They are most likely adapted fine
to European climate. Since these crosses worked out well, imagine other
combinations like Exmoor x Przewalski, or Hucule x Przewalski.
Konik x Przewalski on my flick album |
The
behaviour of Przewalski’s horses is, not surprisingly, very reminiscent of what
is known about that of the Tarpan. They are difficult to handle or to tame and
have a high potential aggression, and they are known to kill concurring
domestic horses. But in the wilderness, they behave shy towards humans, and
they also know how to defend themselves against predators. This is very
desirable and needed, because tame released horses can cause problems in
interaction with humans (according to some sources, Koniks remain tame even after living their whole life
without human contact) and if the horses do not know how to defend themselves
successfully against predators, you’ll get the same results as with the Koniks
in Atapuerca. UPDATE: In Popielno and the Biesczcadzki Koniks defend themselves successfully against predators - even bears; they form a defensive circle around their foals and stallions try to chase away wolves. See f.e. here. On the other hand I might mention that there are domestic/feral
horses which know how to defend themselves as well, such as Exmoors (f.e. they
form a defensive circle around their foals, and they tend to be shier) and
Garrano from Portugal (feral Garrano deal with wolves).
I agree
that actual breeding-back is not really necessary in the case of the horse,
because the suited breeds are very close to the desired archetype already.
Instead, releasing a bunch of suited breeds together in an area so that they
interbreed and letting mother nature do the rest might be sufficient already.
Therefore,
my proposal of breeds and breed combinations is:
Iberia:
Garrano,
Asturcon (used to predation, phenotypic closeness to the Tarpan but lack the
dun factor), primitive Pryor Mountains mustangs and Przewalski crossbreeds (bring
in the dun factor). This combination would result in a population that is
experienced in living feral, dealing with predation, suited to the climate and
contains all desired wild horse features.
Garrano during winter |
Exmoor (feral
ancestry, phenotypic closeness to the Tarpan, but lacking the black gene and
dun factor), Fjord horse (brings in the dun gene), Konik (brings in dun and
black), Przewalski crosses. This population would be perfectly cold-adapted, have
all the Tarpan features and contain animals that can deal with predators (not
only the Przewalski is adapted to predation, but also Exmoor ponies were
exposed to predators in previous centuries). The lack of dun is actually not a
negative feature, because the presence of the dun factor within Holocene wild
horse populations is not evaluated yet, and non-dun wild coloured horses like
the Exmoor are perfectly camouflaged in wooded habitats.
Semi-feral Exmoor ponies |
Fjord horses |
Western,
Central and Eastern Europe:
Exmoor,
Konik, Hucule and Noriker (used to mountainous habitat), Przewalski crosses.
Noriker horse |
Koniks |
I am sure
that everyone has a different opinion on this, and some might not agree with me
at all and prefer regionalism, existing feral populations or the exclusive
presence caballine horses. Until now it seems that each project uses its own
breed, and I think this is good. It might lead to exactly the diverse horse
population that contains all known Tarpan features as I am proposing it here. Only
time will tell. But in my opinion, the fact that the Tarpan had a number of
different colour morphs and that modern breeds have different local adaptions
should be considered when compositing a new semi-feral horse population for a
specific region.
http://www.asturconesbraniego.es/animales.html
ReplyDeleteHello,
ReplyDeleteI am following your writings with pleasure and I would like to say that this Blog is impressive.
For your information I would add some data about defending behavior of Koniks which are well known in Poland.
Koniks are kept wild from many years in Poland in 2 places – in Popielno and Roztoczański Park Narodowy, from time to time there are attempts to establish new wild populations (Biebrzański Park Narodowy in 2000 and the last attempt in 2007 in Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy - http://www.naukawpolsce.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news,67163,konik-polski-wraca-w-bieszczady.html) but to this time they were ephemeral due to legal and administrative issues. Horses were caught out and sold to private horse keepers.
There is many information from Popielno that Koniks can defende against wolves and feral dogs in well-known behavior for horses ie. they form defensive circle around their foals and some of stallions try to drive predator awayit was reported that this behavior is also expressed against foxes.
But more interesting seems report from last experiment to establish feral population of Koniks in Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy - Bieszczadzki National Park - it is the biggest one in Poland and the most natural. It is mountain area (292,02 km²)in Karpatian mountains with one of the biggest in Europe natural population of wolves, lynxes, wild cats and bears as predators. Despite of them there is a big natural population of carpatian deer, additionally in 60s wisents were introduced (now 280 animals). Few Koniks were kept wild in 2007 and 2008 in area of Baligród forrest district in Bieszczadzki National Park. One of the project coordinators Ryszard Paszkiewicz reported that Koniks defended of bear - http://www.nowiny24.pl/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080605/BIESZCZADY/911512987
3 stallions drove bear away by direct attack on him and repeated this behavior during second attempt of bear.
As you can see the Koniks express plastic defensive behavior - circle for wolves’ pack and direct attack against single predator like bear.
I hope that this information will be useful for you.
Hi, many thanks for that information and for the kind words!! I am glad to hear that Koniks can defend themselves efficiently against predators, I will update the blog with your information as soon as I can.
DeleteDear Mr. Kowalczyk,
DeleteI am writing a book on konik horses. May I quote your above-mentioned observation on predator defence by koniks?
Another question is: is there anything known about preference of prey species by wolves in Bieszczady? For instance: are deer prefered over konik horses?
Thanks and best wishes
Cis van Vuure
Really a great addition. I have read this marvelous post. Thanks for sharing information about it. I really like that. Thanks so lot for your convene. Horse Barn
ReplyDeleteMe proposed project to create a Pleistocene Park in Chernobyl.
ReplyDeleteThe most suitable for the size of the territory in Europe.
http://www.pleistocenepark-chernobyl.com.ua/
Hi!
ReplyDeleteFirst of all, congratulations for this blog. It's a big source of information about Pleistocene-Holocene fauna and breeding-back proyects. You are one of my favourite webs ;)
Writing this post I thought about a Spanish breed named Losino. I don`t know if you know it. I think this breed could be very interesting for breeding-back (at least in Spain) for several reasons. First, I think it has several characteristics similar to the european wild horse: Size of around 140 cm, convex non-short and quite big head, wide strong neck, and robust legs. In general, it does not have a long mane. They are always back, but you could get the wild-type color crossing with some dun breed like konik. I have a study with all the measurements of it's body.
This belong to one of the 3 Iberian domestic landraces (the others are Cantabrian-Pyrenean and Andalusian-Lusitanian-Sorraia types), named Thieldon by Romans, Castilian in Midle Age and Serrano (highlander) in 20th century. It was about to become extinct last century, but he was recovered and currently 200-300 free-roaminging horses live in the mountains of Pancorbo, a little village of Spain.
Here there are some pictures of this breed. https://lacantabriaburgalesa.wordpress.com/2015/10/02/el-caballo-losino/
I could send you more photos that I took. If you find it in Google images, do not get confused with some named as Losino but they are actually pottok-crossed (hairy hooves, long mane and swollen belly) or breton-crossed.
What do you think?
Thanks, I'm glad you like my blog; the article above is not up to date, it's from 2013, it has even been recently proposed that black was the predominant colour of recent wild horse populations. I recently also did a new wild horse series where I sum up all the information I gathered so far, they are all tagged under "wild horse" on my blog.
DeleteYes, I read these articles. I was talking about the morphology of this breed, not about the colour. You talked about koniks, exmoors, even asturcones. I'd like to know what do you think about this breed. They live in the wild as semi-feral horses. There is a study of its social behabior that reveals a high survive instinct, for example against wolves attacks.
ReplyDeleteI don't think that sets them much away from other landraces. Concerning the morphology, it is likely that the small, sturdy and robust morphology applied to most if not all european predomestic horse populations. But the material is understudied, there is not even one single articulated wild horse skeleton from the Holocene of Europe anywhere that is declared as such.
Delete